DANA ADOBE NIPOMO AMIGOS

NIPOMO, CA

Yellow Day Lily in bloom A daylily, day lily or ditch-lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/,[2] a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, native to Asia. Despite the common name, it is not, in fact, a lily, nor does it specifically grow in ditches. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred Hemerocallis species for their attractive flowers; a select few species of the genus have edible petals, while some are extremely toxic. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by the American Daylily Society, the only internationally recognized registrant according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). .[3] The plants are perennial, bulbous plants, whose common name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day. Hemerocallis are herbaceous clump-forming perennials growing from rhizomes,[4] some produce spreading stolons. They have a fibrous or fibrous-tuberous root system with contractile roots.[5] The tuberous roots are used to store nutrients and water. The arching leaves are produced from the base of the plant (basal) and lack petioles,[4] they are strap-like, long, linear lanceolate leaves and grouped into opposite fans. The crown is the small portion between the leaves and the roots. The large showy flowers are produced on scapes. The slightly irregular shaped flowers are arranged in helicoid cymes, or produced solitarily.[4] The scapes of some species and cultivars produce small leafy proliferations arising from the nodes or in bracts. The proliferations are clones that root when planted.[6] Typically Hemerocallis flowers have three similar petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, and each have a midrib. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, may be a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower has six stamens joined to the perianth tube, each with a two-lobed anther. The unequal stamen filaments are curved upward with the linear-oblong anthers dorsifixed. The superior ovary is green, with three chambers and the stigma is 3-lobed or capitate. The fruit is a capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae). The fruits may have no seeds (sterile), or many relatively large, shiny, black, roundish seeds.[4][7] The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape the next day. Some species are night-blooming. The haploid number of chromosomes is eleven.[4] Despite their common name, daylilies are not true lilies (plants from the genus Lilium, family Liliaceae). Although the flowers of Hemerocallis and Lilium species have a similar shape, their growth habits, stems and leaf shapes are distinctive. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system. As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily".[12] The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions.[13] Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".[14] Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise, as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.[citation needed] Cultivars edit There are more than 100,000 daylily cultivars, the milestone having been achieved in 2024[13] Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars,[citation needed] but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less. Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of bluish shades, particularly in the eyezones. Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, doubling, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, fringed edges called ‘teeth’, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust". Sought-after improvements include rust resistance, foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties. In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids, as well as some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Diploid and tetraploid daylilies cannot be crossed to produce new cultivars[15] Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triploids that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double", some polymerous flowers have as many as twice the normal number of sepals and petals. Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun. Wikipedia
Yellow Day Lily in bloom Credit: Harold Litwiler, Poppy

Dana Adobe Nipomo Amigos is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of the historic Dana Adobe in Nipomo, California. The Dana Adobe, built in 1837, is the oldest standing structure in San Luis Obispo County and is the only remaining adobe of its kind in California. The mission of Dana Adobe Nipomo Amigos is to promote and preserve the cultural, historical and educational significance of the Dana Adobe and its surrounding grounds.

The Dana Adobe is open to the public, and offers educational tours, special events, and volunteer opportunities to visitors. Visitors can experience the living history of the Rancho Nipomo era through special events such as annual festivals, school visits, and community events. The Dana Adobe also offers a variety of educational programs and activities for students of all ages, including field trips, workshops, and other special events.

In addition to preserving and interpreting the historic property of the Dana Adobe, Dana Adobe Nipomo Amigos also works to foster community engagement and education. The organization hosts a variety of projects and workshops to promote the appreciation of the area’s history, culture, and natural resources. These projects often involve local volunteers, who are essential to the organization’s successful preservation efforts.

Dana Adobe Nipomo Amigos is an invaluable resource for the local community, and is dedicated to preserving and interpreting the area’s history and culture for future generations. Through their educational programs and community engagement projects, Dana Adobe Nipomo Amigos strives to ensure the future of the historic Dana Adobe and its surrounding grounds.

DANA ADOBE NIPOMO AMIGOS is a Historical Societies, Historic Preservation in NIPOMO CA. US MID #8400602038

The museum is classed as HSC (Historical Societies, Historic Preservation). It comes under American Alliance of Museums (AAM) region: Western (Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington). Total revenue from most recent IRS 990 Form: $ 659,681 from tax period 201212 (YYYYMM).

Yellow Day Lily in bloom A daylily, day lily or ditch-lily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis /ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs/,[2] a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, native to Asia. Despite the common name, it is not, in fact, a lily, nor does it specifically grow in ditches. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long bred Hemerocallis species for their attractive flowers; a select few species of the genus have edible petals, while some are extremely toxic. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by the American Daylily Society, the only internationally recognized registrant according to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). .[3] The plants are perennial, bulbous plants, whose common name alludes to its flowers, which typically last about a day. Hemerocallis are herbaceous clump-forming perennials growing from rhizomes,[4] some produce spreading stolons. They have a fibrous or fibrous-tuberous root system with contractile roots.[5] The tuberous roots are used to store nutrients and water. The arching leaves are produced from the base of the plant (basal) and lack petioles,[4] they are strap-like, long, linear lanceolate leaves and grouped into opposite fans. The crown is the small portion between the leaves and the roots. The large showy flowers are produced on scapes. The slightly irregular shaped flowers are arranged in helicoid cymes, or produced solitarily.[4] The scapes of some species and cultivars produce small leafy proliferations arising from the nodes or in bracts. The proliferations are clones that root when planted.[6] Typically Hemerocallis flowers have three similar petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, and each have a midrib. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, may be a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower has six stamens joined to the perianth tube, each with a two-lobed anther. The unequal stamen filaments are curved upward with the linear-oblong anthers dorsifixed. The superior ovary is green, with three chambers and the stigma is 3-lobed or capitate. The fruit is a capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae). The fruits may have no seeds (sterile), or many relatively large, shiny, black, roundish seeds.[4][7] The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape the next day. Some species are night-blooming. The haploid number of chromosomes is eleven.[4] Despite their common name, daylilies are not true lilies (plants from the genus Lilium, family Liliaceae). Although the flowers of Hemerocallis and Lilium species have a similar shape, their growth habits, stems and leaf shapes are distinctive. Before 2009, the scientific classification of daylilies put them into the family Liliaceae. In 2009, under the APG III system, daylilies were removed from the family Liliaceae and assigned to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Xanthorrhoeaceae was renamed in 2016 to Asphodelaceae in the APG IV system. As popular as daylilies were for many hundreds of years, it was not until the late 19th century that botanists and gardeners began to experiment with hybridizing the plants. Over the next hundred years, thousands of different hybrids were developed from only a few wild varieties. In fact, most modern hybrids are descended from two types of daylily. One is Hemerocallis flava—the yellow lemon lily. The other is Hemerocallis fulva, the familiar tawny-orange daylily, also known affectionately as the "ditch lily".[12] The daylily has been nicknamed "the perfect perennial" by gardeners, due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and for being generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions.[13] Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers)".[14] Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise, as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.[citation needed] Cultivars edit There are more than 100,000 daylily cultivars, the milestone having been achieved in 2024[13] Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making them some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large-flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis 'Hyperion', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once-dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat- and drought-resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars,[citation needed] but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US$20 or less. Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near-black, near-white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of bluish shades, particularly in the eyezones. Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, doubling, contrasting "eyes" in the center of a bloom, fringed edges called ‘teeth’, and an illusion of glitter called "diamond dust". Sought-after improvements include rust resistance, foliage color, variegation, plant disease resistance, and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make cultivars cold-hardier by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with dormant varieties. In recent decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids, as well as some flower-color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets," as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Diploid and tetraploid daylilies cannot be crossed to produce new cultivars[15] Hemerocallis fulva 'Europa', H. fulva 'Kwanso', H. fulva 'Kwanso Variegata', H. fulva 'Kwanso Kaempfer', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva 'Flore Pleno' are all triploids that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people[who?] synonymize "polymerous" with "double", some polymerous flowers have as many as twice the normal number of sepals and petals. Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy-fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun. Wikipedia
A young girl inspects sea foam Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms.[1] These compounds can act as surfactants or foaming agents. As the seawater is churned by breaking waves in the surf zone adjacent to the shore, the surfactants under these turbulent conditions trap air, forming persistent bubbles that stick to each other through surface tension. Sea foam washed up or blown onto a beach Sea foam is a global phenomenon,[1] and it varies depending on location and the potential influence of the surrounding marine, freshwater, and/or terrestrial environments.[2] Due to its low density and persistence, foam can be blown by strong on-shore winds inland, towards the beach. Human activities, such as production, transport or spillage of petroleum products or detergents, can also contribute to the formation of sea foam. Wikipedia
Southern Pacific scale model From my archives, this is in the Railroad Museum at San Luis Obispo, CA
Cape May Warbler Wintering Cape May Warbler at Allan Hancock College, Santa Maria, CA
Pismo Pier from the Cliffs at Shell Beach Pismo Beach (Chumash: Pismuʔ) is a city in the southern portion of San Luis Obispo County, in the Central Coast area of California, United States.[10] Its estimated population was 8,072 at the 2020 census, up from 7,655 in the 2010 census. It is part of the Five Cities area, a cluster of cities in that area. The Five Cities area historically is made up of Arroyo Grande, Grover City (now Grover Beach), Halcyon, Fair Oaks, and Nipomo. Now most people refer to the Five Cities as Grover Beach, Pismo Beach, Shell Beach (which is actually a part of Pismo Beach), Arroyo Grande, and Oceano (which is unincorporated county land serviced by the Oceano Community Services District). History Pismo Pier at sunset The old Oilport Refinery, demolished after WWII, is now the Sunset Palisades neighborhood. The Chumash people are the historic inhabitants of the region, with indigenous peoples having lived along the California coast for at least 11,000 years.[11] The name Pismo comes from the Chumash language word for tar, pismuʔ,[2] which was gathered from tar springs in Price Canyon near Pismo Beach. The tar was a valuable product, which the Chumash used to caulk their seagoing canoes, called tomol, which traveled along the coast and out to the Channel Islands. The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolá expedition, passed through the area, traveling up Price Canyon from Pismo Beach, where they camped on September 4, 1769. Franciscan missionary and expedition member Juan Crespí noted in his diary that they found a Chumash village near the creek.[12][13] Pismo Beach is located on the Rancho Pismo Mexican land grant made to José Ortega, grandson of José Francisco Ortega, in 1840. In 1846, José Ortega sold Rancho Pismo to Isaac Sparks. John Michael Price bought most of the rancho from Sparks. Price established the town of Pismo Beach in 1891. His homestead is now Price Historical Park.[14] His home is a registered historical landmark. Pismo is known as the clam capital of the world.[citation needed] Nearly over 2.5 million people visit Pismo Beach. The first wharf at Pismo was built in 1882, followed by a full-length pier built in 1924 that was financed and constructed by William Woodrow Ward, who allowed full use of it by the public. After it suffered considerable storm damage, the pier was renovated again in 1985. Pismo State Beach is named for the city of Pismo Beach. The neighborhoods of Shell Beach and Sunset Palisades were the site of a Chumash village, and significant archeological sites are located in both areas. Shell Beach became agricultural land, mostly pea fields. Developer Floyd Calvert bought and developed the area in 1926. At first, it was a local resort area; after World War II, it became primarily residential. Sunset Palisades, originally called Oilport, was the site of an oil refinery from 1907 until after World War II; it is now residential.[15] Clams The Pismo clam was named for the long, wide beach where so many were once found, once in such abundance that they were harvested with plows. Clamming once drew thousands of clammers to Pismo during low tides, and is still legal, but due to overharvesting by humans and the protected sea otter (which feasts on clams), few clams are now to be found.[16] Pismo Beach adopted the name "Clam Capital of the World" in the 1950s, though this motto is no longer used. The city still holds the Clam Festival every October, complete with clam chowder competitions and a clam-themed parade.[17] At the southern end of Price Street upon first entering Pismo Beach is a gigantic concrete clam statue. The eight-inch (20 cm) shell of a Pismo clam (Tivela stultorum) is on display at the Pismo Beach Chamber of Commerce. Geography External videos video icon Panoramic Video of Pismo Beach on YouTube According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.5 square miles (35 km2), of which 9.9 square miles (26 km2) (73.29%) is covered by water. Pismo Creek enters the Pacific Ocean at Pismo Beach.[18] The southern end of Pismo Beach runs alongside sand dunes, which are followed by eucalyptus trees that attract thousands of migrating monarch butterflies every November through February.[10] Meadow Creek is a short creek that runs through the Pismo Lake Ecological Reserve and hosts a variety of wildlife despite its urban surroundings, including beaver (Castor canadensis).[19][20][21][22] Climate Pismo Beach has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb). Despite the subtropical latitude (the same as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina,) summers are quite cool and the change in seasonal temperatures is quite small. The hardiness zone is 9b/10a, which is a full zone higher than Cape Hatteras. Climate data for Pismo Beach, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–2017) MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear Record high °F (°C)85 (29)90 (32)90 (32)101 (38)100 (38)99 (37)102 (39)102 (39)103 (39)99 (37)91 (33)92 (33)102 (39) Mean maximum °F (°C)76.0 (24.4)78.6 (25.9)80.2 (26.8)85.4 (29.7)83.2 (28.4)84.5 (29.2)83.0 (28.3)81.3 (27.4)86.9 (30.5)86.9 (30.5)82.2 (27.9)75.3 (24.1)94.1 (34.5) Mean daily maximum °F (°C)64.8 (18.2)65.1 (18.4)67.5 (19.7)69.7 (20.9)72.3 (22.4)70.5 (21.4)70.3 (21.3)71.4 (21.9)71.9 (22.2)72.5 (22.5)69.0 (20.6)65.0 (18.3)69.2 (20.7) Daily mean °F (°C)54.5 (12.5)54.5 (12.5)56.9 (13.8)59.0 (15.0)60.9 (16.1)61.0 (16.1)62.1 (16.7)63.1 (17.3)62.7 (17.1)62.5 (16.9)57.7 (14.3)54.3 (12.4)59.1 (15.1) Mean daily minimum °F (°C)44.2 (6.8)44.0 (6.7)46.2 (7.9)48.2 (9.0)49.5 (9.7)51.4 (10.8)53.9 (12.2)54.8 (12.7)53.6 (12.0)52.6 (11.4)46.4 (8.0)43.7 (6.5)49.0 (9.4) Mean minimum °F (°C)34.6 (1.4)36.2 (2.3)37.0 (2.8)38.9 (3.8)41.5 (5.3)44.3 (6.8)47.9 (8.8)48.8 (9.3)46.4 (8.0)42.7 (5.9)38.3 (3.5)34.1 (1.2)31.9 (−0.1) Record low °F (°C)24 (−4)28 (−2)23 (−5)27 (−3)30 (−1)37 (3)38 (3)39 (4)30 (−1)32 (0)29 (−2)21 (−6)21 (−6) Average precipitation inches (mm)3.48 (88)4.00 (102)2.98 (76)1.00 (25)0.46 (12)0.15 (3.8)0.02 (0.51)0.02 (0.51)0.08 (2.0)0.79 (20)1.81 (46)3.08 (78)17.87 (454) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)8.28.57.94.21.80.80.30.51.53.35.17.149.2 Source: NOAA (mean maxima/minima 1981–2010)[23][24] Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19501,425— 19601,76223.6% 19704,043129.5% 19805,36432.7% 19907,66943.0% 20008,55111.5% 20107,655−10.5% 20208,0725.4% U.S. Decennial Census[25] 2010 The 2010 United States census[26] reported that Pismo Beach had a population of 7,655. The population density was 568.0 inhabitants per square mile (219.3/km2). The racial makeup of Pismo Beach was 91.1% White, 0.7% African American, 0.5% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. About 9.3% were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. The census reported that 7,642 people (99.8% of the population) lived in households, 13 (0.2%) lived in noninstitutionalized group quarters, and none were institutionalized. Of the 3,834 households, 16.1% had children under 18 living in them, 44.6% were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, 6.1% were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1.0% were same-sex married couples or partnerships. In all, 35.8% of the households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 1.99. Of the 2,079 families (54.2% of all households), the average family size was 2.55. The age distribution was 13.3% under 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 20.3% from 25 to 44, 34.5% from 45 to 64, and 26.0% were 65 or older. The median age was 51.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 91.4 males. The 5,585 housing units had an average density of 414.4/sq mi (160.0/km2), of which 60.9% were owner-occupied, and 39.1% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.6%; 60.8% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 39.0% lived in rental housing units. 2000 Pismo Creek estuary As of the census[27] of 2000, 8,551 people, 4,230 households, and 2,322 families were residing in the city. The population density was 2,366.0-inhabitant-per-square-mile (913.5/km2). The 5,496 housing units had an average density of 1,520.7-per-square-mile (587.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 91.35% White, 0.60% African American, 0.71% Native American, 2.92% Asian, 1.71% from other races, and 2.71% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.89% of the population. Of the 4,230 households, 17.4% had children under 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were not families; 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.02, and the average family size was 2.58. In the city, the age distribution was 15.3% under 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 24.5% who were 65 or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $46,396, and for a family was $61,036. Males had a median income of $48,606 versus $30,189 for females. The per capita income made for the city was $30,835. About 6.3% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over. The population had a wave of expansion starting in the 1980s, after completion of wastewater-treatment facilities expansion; this lack of infrastructure had previously limited population growth. Economy Top employers According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[28] the top employers in the city are: #Employer# of employees 1The Cliffs of Shell Beach230 2Keller-Williams179 3Dolphin Bay Resort124 4City of Pismo Beach120 5Martin Resorts100 6United States Postal Service85 7Sea Venture74 8Pismo Coast Village65 9Seacrest65 10Brad's Restaurant60 Government Incorporated on April 25, 1946,[1] Pismo Beach is a general-law city governed by a five-member council. The city council consists of a mayor (who serves a two-year term) and four councilmembers (who serve four-year terms). All five are elected at-large.[3] In the California State Legislature, Pismo Beach is in the 17th Senate District, represented by Democrat John Laird, and in the 30th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Dawn Addis.[29] In the United States House of Representatives, Pismo Beach is in California's 24th congressional district, represented by Democrat Salud Carbajal.[30] Education Shell Beach Elementary School Shell Beach Elementary School Judkins Middle School Infrastructure Water is provided by a wells in the Santa Maria Groundwater Basin, Lopez Lake, and the State Water Project.[31][32] In popular culture The city is mentioned in the films Clueless (a reference is made to a fictitious "Pismo Beach disaster") and A Night at the Roxbury, the TV show United States of Tara, and the animated series Futurama (episode "Raging Bender"), Robot Chicken (episode "Rodiggity"), and The Critic (episode "Lady Hawke").[33] The W. C. Fields comedy The Bank Dick (1940), set in Lompoc, includes a character listed in the film's credits as "A. Pismo Clam". In the 1957 Merrie Melodies short Ali Baba Bunny, Bugs Bunny and his traveling companion Daffy Duck emerge from a tunnel, with Bugs believing they have arrived at Pismo Beach "and all the clams we can eat".[34] In the TV movie Dragnet 1966 (1969), Bill Gannon (Harry Morgan) takes disability retirement and moves to Pismo Beach. After eight months and three weeks of eating Pismo Beach clam chowder, Bill's health returns, his teeth stop falling out, and he is able to be reinstated with the LAPD. Explaining to Joe Friday (Jack Webb) the reason for his restored health, he states, "The clams, Joe. The clams." In "Guess Who's Knott Coming to Dinner", the fifth episode of the first season of The New Scooby-Doo Movies (aired October 7, 1972), when the mystery gang makes an unsuccessful escape from Captain Moody's mansion, Shaggy says they must have made a wrong turn at Pismo Beach. In The Monkees TV series episode "The Wild Monkees" (aired November 13, 1967), Pismo Beach is mentioned a few times. Mike Nesmith states, "You remember the Massacre at Pismo Beach?" when told that the Black Angels motorcycle gang will be staying at the hotel where they are working. The rest of the group replies "Pismo Beach?" In the I Love Lucy TV series episode "Lucy Gets in Pictures" (aired February 21, 1955), Lucy (Lucille Ball) mentions Pismo Beach as one of the locations that her best friend, Ethel Mertz (Vivian Vance), and she want to visit. Pismo Beach is mentioned in the Coen Brothers' film The Big Lebowski (1998). This shout-out inspired the title of the Labradford song "Up to Pizmo", from the band's 2001 album Fixed::Context. Wikipedia
Sand Dollar and Barnacle Sand dollars (also known as sea cookies or snapper biscuits in New Zealand and Brazil, or pansy shells in South Africa) are species of flat, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Some species within the order, not quite as flat, are known as sea biscuits. Sand dollars can also be called "sand cakes" or "cake urchins".[2] Names The term "sand dollar" derives from the appearance of the tests (skeletons) of dead individuals after being washed ashore. The test lacks its velvet-like skin of spines and has often been bleached white by sunlight. To beachcombers of the past, this suggested a large, silver coin, such as the old Spanish dollar, which had a diameter of 38–40 mm. Other names for the sand dollar include sand cakes, pansy shells, snapper biscuits, cake urchins, and sea cookies.[3] In South Africa, they are known as pansy shells from their suggestion of a five-petaled garden flower. The Caribbean sand dollar or inflated sea biscuit, Clypeaster rosaceus, is thicker in height than most. In Spanish-speaking areas of the Americas, the sand dollar is most often known as galleta de mar (sea cookie); the translated term is often encountered in English. In the folklore of Georgia in the United States, sand dollars were believed to represent coins lost by mermaids.[4] Description Leodia sexiesperforata by Louis Agassiz (1841) Examples of Rotulidae Encope emarginata (aboral and oral faces) by Ernst Haeckel (1904) Clypeaster rosaceus (aboral and oral faces) by Ernst Haeckel (1904) Sand dollars diverged from the other irregular echinoids, namely the cassiduloids, during the early Jurassic,[5] with the first true sand dollar genus, Togocyamus, arising during the Paleocene. Soon after Togocyamus, more modern-looking groups emerged during the Eocene.[1] Sand dollars are small in size, averaging from three to four inches.[6] As with all members of the order Clypeasteroida, they possess a rigid skeleton called a test. The test consists of calcium carbonate plates arranged in a fivefold symmetric pattern.[7] The test of certain species of sand dollar have slits called lunules that can help the animal stay embedded in the sand to stop it from being swept away by an ocean wave.[8] In living individuals, the test is covered by a skin of velvet-textured spines which are covered with very small hairs (cilia). Coordinated movements of the spines enable sand dollars to move across the seabed. The velvety spines of live sand dollars appear in a variety of colors—green, blue, violet, or purple—depending on the species. Individuals which are very recently dead or dying (moribund) are sometimes found on beaches with much of the external morphology still intact. Dead individuals are commonly found with their empty test devoid of all surface material and bleached white by sunlight. The bodies of adult sand dollars, like those of other echinoids, display radial symmetry. The petal-like pattern in sand dollars consists of five paired rows of pores. The pores are perforations in the endoskeleton through which podia for gas exchange project from the body. The mouth of the sand dollar is located on the bottom of its body at the center of the petal-like pattern. Unlike other urchins, the bodies of sand dollars also display secondary front-to-back bilateral symmetry with no morphological distinguishing features between males and females. The anus of sand dollars is located at the back rather than at the top as in most urchins, with many more bilateral features appearing in some species. These result from the adaptation of sand dollars, in the course of their evolution, from creatures that originally lived their lives on top of the seabed (epibenthos) to creatures that burrow beneath it (endobenthos). Echinocyamus pusillus alive. Echinocyamus pusillus alive. Living sand dollar. Living sand dollar. Eccentric sand dollars (Dendraster excentricus) at Monterey Bay Aquarium. Eccentric sand dollars (Dendraster excentricus) at Monterey Bay Aquarium. Echinarachnius parma (family Echinarachniidae). Echinarachnius parma (family Echinarachniidae). Mellita quinquiesperforata test (Clypeasteridae) Mellita quinquiesperforata test (Clypeasteridae) Clypeaster reticulatus test (Clypeasteridae) Clypeaster reticulatus test (Clypeasteridae) Echinodiscus tenuissimus test (Astriclypeidae) Echinodiscus tenuissimus test (Astriclypeidae) Clypeaster aegypticus, showing internal buttresses Clypeaster aegypticus, showing internal buttresses Suborders and families According to World Register of Marine Species: sub-order Clypeasterina family Clypeasteridae L. Agassiz, 1835 family Fossulasteridae Philip & Foster, 1971 † family Scutellinoididae Irwin, 1995 † family Conoclypidae von Zittel, 1879 † family Faujasiidae Lambert, 1905 † family Oligopygidae Duncan, 1889 † family Plesiolampadidae Lambert, 1905 † sub-order Scutellina infra-order Laganiformes family Echinocyamidae Lambert & Thiéry, 1914 family Fibulariidae Gray, 1855 family Laganidae Desor, 1858 infra-order Scutelliformes family Echinarachniidae Lambert in Lambert & Thiéry, 1914 family Eoscutellidae Durham, 1955 † family Protoscutellidae Durham, 1955 † family Rotulidae Gray, 1855 super-family Scutellidea Gray, 1825 family Abertellidae Durham, 1955 † family Astriclypeidae Stefanini, 1912 family Dendrasteridae Lambert, 1900 -- Pacific eccentric sand dollar. family Mellitidae Stefanini, 1912 -- Keyhole sand dollars family Monophorasteridae Lahille, 1896 † family Scutasteridae Durham, 1955 † family Scutellidae Gray, 1825 family Taiwanasteridae Wang, 1984 family Scutellinidae Pomel, 1888a † Underside of live Mellita quinquiesperforata Underside of live Mellita quinquiesperforata A number of sand dollars on the seabed A number of sand dollars on the seabed Sand dollar beneath the sand at low tide on Hilton Head Island Sand dollar beneath the sand at low tide on Hilton Head Island Live sea biscuit, Clypeaster rosaceus, commonly found off Key Biscayne, Florida Live sea biscuit, Clypeaster rosaceus, commonly found off Key Biscayne, Florida Behavior and habitat A sand dollar digging into the sand on the Playa Novillero beach at low tide on the Pacific coast of Mexico Spines on the underside of a sand dollar on the beach at Hilton Head Island, South Carolina Sand dollars can be found in temperate and tropical zones along all continents.[6] Sand dollars live in waters below the mean low water line, on or just beneath the surface of sandy and muddy areas. The common sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma, can be found in the Northern Hemisphere from the intertidal zone to the depths of the ocean, while the keyhole sand dollars (three species of the genus Mellita) can be found on many a wide range of coasts in and around the Caribbean Sea. The spines on the somewhat flattened topside and underside of the animal allow it to burrow or creep through the sediment when looking for shelter or food. Fine, hair-like cilia cover these tiny spines.[9] Sand dollars usually eat algae and organic matter found along the ocean floor, though some species will tip on their side to catch organic matter floating in ocean currents.[8] Sand dollars frequently gather on the ocean floor, in part to their preference for soft bottom areas, which are convenient for their reproduction.[why?] The sexes are separate and, as with most echinoids, gametes are released into the water column and go through external fertilization. The nektonic larvae metamorphose through several stages before the skeleton or test begins to form, at which point they become benthic. In 2008, biologists discovered that sand dollar larvae will clone themselves for a few different reasons. When a predator is near, certain species of sand dollar larvae will split themselves in half in a process they use to asexually clone themselves when sensing danger. The cloning process can take up to 24 hours and creates larvae that are 2/3 smaller than their original size which can help conceal them from the predator.[10] The larvae of these sand dollars clone themselves when they sense dissolved mucus from a predatory fish. The larvae exposed to this mucus from the predatory fish respond to the threat by cloning themselves. This process doubles their population and halves their size which allows them to better escape detection by the predatory fish but may make them more vulnerable to attacks from smaller predators like crustaceans. Sand dollars will also clone themselves during normal asexual reproduction. Larvae will undergo this process when food is plentiful or temperature conditions are optimal. Cloning may also occur to make use of the tissues that are normally lost during metamorphosis. The flattened test of the sand dollar allows it to burrow into the sand and remain hidden from sight from potential predators.[8] Predators of the sand dollar are the fish species cod, flounder, sheepshead and haddock. These fish will prey on sand dollars even through their tough exterior.[9] Sand dollars have spines on their bodies that help them to move around the ocean floor. When a sand dollar dies, it loses the spines and becomes smooth as the exoskeleton is then exposed.[11] Wikipedia. Barnacles are a type of arthropod constituting the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea,[1] and are hence related to crabs and lobsters. Barnacles are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive settings. Around 1,000 barnacle species are currently known.[2] They are sessile (nonmobile) and most are suspension feeders, but those in infraclass Rhizocephala are highly specialized parasites on other crustaceans. They have four nektonic (active swimming) larval stages. Description Whale barnacles attached to the throat of a humpback whale Barnacles on a boat propeller. Barnacles are encrusters, attaching themselves temporarily to a hard substrate or a symbiont such as a whale (whale barnacles), a sea snake (Platylepas ophiophila), or another crustacean, like a crab or a lobster (Rhizocephala). The most common among them, "acorn barnacles" (Sessilia), are sessile where they grow their shells directly onto the substrate.[3] Pedunculate barnacles (goose barnacles and others) attach themselves by means of a stalk.[3] Attachment Free-living barnacles are attached to the substratum by cement glands that form the base of the first pair of antennae; in effect, the animal is fixed upside down by means of its forehead. In some barnacles, the cement glands are fixed to a long, muscular stalk, but in most they are part of a flat membrane or calcified plate. These glands secrete a type of natural quick cement made of complex protein bonds (polyproteins) and other trace components like calcium.[4]: 2–3  This natural cement is able to withstand a pulling strength of 5,000 pounds-force per square inch (30,000 kilopascals; 400 kilograms-force per square centimetre) and a sticking strength of 22–60 pounds-force per square inch (200–400 kilopascals; 2–4 kilograms-force per square centimetre).[5] A ring of plates surrounds the body, homologous with the carapace of other crustaceans. These consist of the rostrum, two lateral plates, two carinolaterals, and a carina.[6] In sessile barnacles, the apex of the ring of plates is covered by an operculum, which may be recessed into the carapace. The plates are held together by various means, depending on species, in some cases being solidly fused.[citation needed] Inside body Inside the carapace, the animal lies on its stomach, projecting its limbs downwards. Segmentation is usually indistinct, and the body is more or less evenly divided between the head and thorax, with little, if any, abdomen. Adult barnacles have few appendages on their heads, with only a single, vestigial pair of antennae, attached to the cement gland. The eight pairs of thoracic limbs are referred to as "cirri" which are feathery and very long. The cirri extend to filter food, such as plankton, from the water and move it towards the mouth.[5] Barnacles have no true heart, although a sinus close to the esophagus performs a similar function, with blood being pumped through it by a series of muscles.[7] The blood vascular system is minimal. Similarly, they have no gills, absorbing oxygen from the water through their limbs and the inner membrane of their carapaces. The excretory organs of barnacles are maxillary glands.[citation needed] The main sense of barnacles appears to be touch, with the hairs on the limbs being especially sensitive. The adult also has three photoreceptors (ocelli), one median and two lateral. These photoreceptors record the stimulus for the barnacle shadow reflex, where a sudden decrease in light causes cessation of the fishing rhythm and closing of the opercular plates.[8] The photoreceptors are likely only capable of sensing the difference between light and dark.[9] This eye is derived from the primary naupliar eye.[10] Etymology See also: Barnacle goose myth The word "barnacle" is attested in the early 13th century as "bernekke" and originally referred to a species of goose. Because the full life cycles of both barnacles and geese was unknown at the time, (geese spend their breeding seasons in the Arctic) a folktale emerged that geese hatched from barnacles. It was not applied strictly to the invertebrate until the 1580s. The ultimate meaning of the word "barnacle" is unknown.[11][12] Life cycle Barnacles have two distinct larval stages, the nauplius and the cyprid, before developing into a mature adult. Nauplius Nauplius larva of Elminius modestus Nauplius larva of a barnacle with fronto-lateral horns[13] A fertilised egg hatches into a nauplius: a one-eyed larva comprising a head and a telson, without a thorax or abdomen. This undergoes six moults, passing through five instars, before transforming into the cyprid stage. Nauplii are typically initially brooded by the parent, and released after the first moult as larvae that swim freely using setae.[14][15] Cyprid The cyprid larva is the last larval stage before adulthood. In Rhizocephala and Thoracica an abdomen is absent in this stage, but the y-cyprids (post‐naupliar instar) has three distinct abdominal segments.[16] It is not a feeding stage; its role is to find a suitable place to settle, since the adults are sessile.[14] The cyprid stage lasts from days to weeks. It explores potential surfaces with modified antennules; once it has found a potentially suitable spot, it attaches head-first using its antennules and a secreted glycoproteinous substance. Larvae assess surfaces based upon their surface texture, chemistry, relative wettability, color, and the presence or absence and composition of a surface biofilm; swarming species are also more likely to attach near other barnacles.[17] As the larva exhausts its finite energy reserves, it becomes less selective in the sites it selects. It cements itself permanently to the substrate with another proteinaceous compound, and then undergoes metamorphosis into a juvenile barnacle.[17] Adult Typical acorn barnacles develop six hard calcareous plates to surround and protect their bodies. For the rest of their lives, they are cemented to the substrate, using their feathery legs (cirri) to capture plankton. Once metamorphosis is over and they have reached their adult form, barnacles continue to grow by adding new material to their heavily calcified plates. These plates are not moulted; however, like all ecdysozoans, the barnacle itself will still moult its cuticle.[18] Sexual reproduction Most barnacles are hermaphroditic, although a few species are gonochoric or androdioecious. The ovaries are located in the base or stalk, and may extend into the mantle, while the testes are towards the back of the head, often extending into the thorax. Typically, recently moulted hermaphroditic individuals are receptive as females. Self-fertilization, although theoretically possible, has been experimentally shown to be rare in barnacles.[19][20] The sessile lifestyle of barnacles makes sexual reproduction difficult, as the organisms cannot leave their shells to mate. To facilitate genetic transfer between isolated individuals, barnacles have extraordinarily long penises. Barnacles probably have the largest penis to body size ratio of the animal kingdom,[19] up to eight times their body length.[21] Barnacles can also reproduce through a method called spermcasting, in which the male barnacle releases his sperm into the water and females pick it up and fertilise their eggs.[22][23] The Rhizocephala superorder used to be considered hermaphroditic, but it turned out that its males inject themselves into the female's body, degrading to the condition of nothing more than sperm-producing cells.[24] Ecology Duration: 30 seconds.0:30 Semibalanus balanoides feeding Most barnacles are suspension feeders; they dwell continually in their shells, which are usually constructed of six plates,[3] and reach into the water column with modified legs. These feathery appendages beat rhythmically to draw plankton and detritus into the shell for consumption.[25] Other members of the class have quite a different mode of life. For example, members of the superorder Rhizocephala, including the genus Sacculina, are parasitic and live within crabs.[26] Although they have been found at water depths to 600 m (2,000 ft),[3] most barnacles inhabit shallow waters, with 75% of species living in water depths less than 100 m (300 ft),[3] and 25% inhabiting the intertidal zone.[3] Within the intertidal zone, different species of barnacles live in very tightly constrained locations, allowing the exact height of an assemblage above or below sea level to be precisely determined.[3] Since the intertidal zone periodically desiccates, barnacles are well adapted against water loss. Their calcite shells are impermeable, and they possess two plates which they can slide across their apertures when not feeding. These plates also protect against predation.[27] One group of stalked barnacles have adapted to a rafting lifestyle, where they are drifting around close to the water's surface. They will colonize every floating object, such as driftwood, and like some non-stalked barnacles, also attach themselves to marine animals. The species most specialized for this lifestyle is Dosima fascicularis, which secretes a gas-filled cement that makes it float at the surface.[28] Barnacles are displaced by limpets and mussels, which compete for space. They also have numerous predators.[3] They employ two strategies to overwhelm their competitors: "swamping" and fast growth. In the swamping strategy, vast numbers of barnacles settle in the same place at once, covering a large patch of substrate, allowing at least some to survive in the balance of probabilities.[3] Fast growth allows the suspension feeders to access higher levels of the water column than their competitors, and to be large enough to resist displacement; species employing this response, such as the aptly named Megabalanus, can reach 7 cm (3 in) in length;[3] other species may grow larger still (Austromegabalanus psittacus). Competitors may include other barnacles, and disputed evidence indicates balanoid barnacles competitively displaced chthalamoid barnacles. Balanoids gained their advantage over the chthalamoids in the Oligocene, when they evolved tubular skeletons, which provide better anchorage to the substrate, and allow them to grow faster, undercutting, crushing, and smothering chthalamoids.[29] Among the most common predators on barnacles are whelks. They are able to grind through the calcareous exoskeletons of barnacles and feed on the softer inside parts. Mussels also prey on barnacle larvae.[30] Another predator on barnacles is the starfish species Pisaster ochraceus.[31][32] Barnacles and limpets compete for space in the intertidal zone Barnacles and limpets compete for space in the intertidal zone Goose barnacles, with their cirri extended for feeding Goose barnacles, with their cirri extended for feeding Underside of large Chesaconcavus sp. (Miocene) showing internal plates in bioimmured smaller barnacles Underside of large Chesaconcavus sp. (Miocene) showing internal plates in bioimmured smaller barnacles The anatomy of parasitic barnacles is generally simpler than that of their free-living relatives. They have no carapace or limbs, having only unsegmented sac-like bodies. Such barnacles feed by extending thread-like rhizomes of living cells into their hosts' bodies from their points of attachment.[9] History of taxonomy "Cirripedia" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur (1904): The crab at the centre is nursing the externa of the parasitic cirripede Sacculina. Barnacles were originally classified by Linnaeus and Cuvier as Mollusca, but in 1830 John Vaughan Thompson published observations showing the metamorphosis of the nauplius and cypris larvae into adult barnacles, and noted how these larvae were similar to those of crustaceans. In 1834 Hermann Burmeister published further information, reinterpreting these findings. The effect was to move barnacles from the phylum of Mollusca to Articulata, showing naturalists that detailed study was needed to reevaluate their taxonomy.[33] Charles Darwin took up this challenge in 1846, and developed his initial interest into a major study published as a series of monographs in 1851 and 1854.[33] Darwin undertook this study, at the suggestion of his friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, to thoroughly understand at least one species before making the generalisations needed for his theory of evolution by natural selection.[34][35] Upon the conclusion of his research, Darwin declared "I hate a barnacle as no man ever did before."[36][35] The name Cirripedia comes from the Latin words cirritus "curly" from cirrus "curl"[37] and pedis from pes "foot,"[38] the two words together mean "curl-footed."[39][further explanation needed] The study of barnacles is called cirripedology. Classification Some authorities regard the Cirripedia as a full class or subclass, and the orders listed above are sometimes treated as superorders. In 2001, Martin and Davis placed Cirripedia as an infraclass of Thecostraca and divided it into six orders:[40] Infraclass Cirripedia Burmeister, 1834 Superorder Acrothoracica Gruvel, 1905 Order Pygophora Berndt, 1907 Order Apygophora Berndt, 1907 Superorder Rhizocephala Müller, 1862 Order Kentrogonida Delage, 1884 Order Akentrogonida Häfele, 1911 Superorder Thoracica Darwin, 1854 Order Pedunculata Lamarck, 1818 Order Sessilia Lamarck, 1818 In 2021, Chan et al. elevated Cirripedia to subclass of the class Thecostraca, and the superorders Acrothoracica, Rhizocephala, and Thoracica to infraclass. The updated classification, which now includes 11 orders, has been accepted in the World Register of Marine Species.[41][1] Subclass Cirripedia Burmeister, 1834 Infraclass Acrothoracica Gruvel, 1905 Order Cryptophialida Kolbasov, Newman & Hoeg, 2009 Order Lithoglyptida Kolbasov, Newman & Hoeg, 2009 Infraclass Rhizocephala Müller, 1862 Infraclass Thoracica Darwin, 1854 Superorder Phosphatothoracica Gale, 2019 Order Iblomorpha Buckeridge & Newman, 2006 Order † Eolepadomorpha Chan et al., 2021 Superorder Thoracicalcarea Gale, 2015 Order Calanticomorpha Chan et al., 2021 Order Pollicipedomorpha Chan et al., 2021 Order Scalpellomorpha Buckeridge & Newman, 2006 Order † Archaeolepadomorpha Chan et al., 2021 Order † Brachylepadomorpha Withers, 1923 (Unranked) Sessilia Order Balanomorpha Pilsbry, 1916 Order Verrucomorpha Pilsbry, 1916 Fossil record The oldest definitive fossil barnacle is Praelepas from the mid-Carboniferous, around 330-320 million years ago.[42] Older claimed barnacles such as Priscansermarinus from the Middle Cambrian (on the order of 510 to 500 million years ago)[43] do not show clear barnacle morphological traits, though Rhamphoverritor from the Silurian Coalbrookdale Formation of England may represent a stem-group barnacle.[42] Barnacles first radiated and became diverse during the Late Cretaceous. Barnacles underwent a second, much larger radiation beginning during the Neogene (last 23 million years), which continues to present.[42] In part, their poor skeletal preservation is due to their restriction to high-energy environments, which tend to be erosional – therefore it is more common for their shells to be ground up by wave action than for them to reach a depositional setting. Barnacles can play an important role in estimating paleo-water depths. The degree of disarticulation of fossils suggests the distance they have been transported, and since many species have narrow ranges of water depths, it can be assumed that the animals lived in shallow water and broke up as they were washed down-slope. The completeness of fossils, and nature of damage, can thus be used to constrain the tectonic history of regions.[3] Balanus improvisus, one of the many barnacle taxa described by Charles Darwin Balanus improvisus, one of the many barnacle taxa described by Charles Darwin Miocene (Messinian) Megabalanus, smothered by sand and fossilised Miocene (Messinian) Megabalanus, smothered by sand and fossilised Chesaconcavus, a Miocene barnacle from Maryland Chesaconcavus, a Miocene barnacle from Maryland Relationship with humans Barnacles are of economic consequence, as they often attach themselves to synthetic structures, sometimes to the structure's detriment. Particularly in the case of ships, they are classified as fouling organisms.[44] The number and size of barnacles that cover ships can impair their efficiency by causing hydrodynamic drag. This is not a problem for boats on inland waterways, as barnacles are exclusively marine. The stable isotope signals in the layers of barnacle shells can potentially be used as a forensic tracking method[45] for whales, loggerhead turtles[46] and marine debris, such as shipwrecks or a flaperon suspected to be from Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.[47][48][49] The flesh of some barnacles is routinely consumed by humans, including Japanese goose barnacles (e.g. Capitulum mitella), and goose barnacles (e.g. Pollicipes pollicipes), a delicacy in Spain and Portugal.[50] Additionally, the picoroco barnacle is used in Chilean cuisine and is one of the ingredients in curanto seafood stew. MIT researchers developed an adhesive, inspired by a protein-based bioglue produced by barnacles to firmly attach to rocks, which can form a tight seal to halt bleeding within about 15 seconds of application.[51] Wikipedia
Pismo Beach State Park 2003 04 15 22 Grover Beach, California 2003
The last newspaper The ever disappearing newspaper. This machines last paper was in May 26, 2022.
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MID # 8400602038
Name DANA ADOBE NIPOMO AMIGOS INC
Alternate Name DANA ADOBE NIPOMO AMIGOS
Classification Historical Societies, Historic Preservation, , Western
Federal Employer Identification Number (EIN) 770513007
NTEECC A80
Tax period of the latest return filed (YYYYMM) 201212
INCOME 674,385
REVENUE 659,681
LAT/LONG 35.027227, -120.470349
CODES FIPS State Code: 06
FIPS County Code: 079
US Census Tract: 012401
US Census Block: 1010